2c:T84d,Plot.plot({ title: "Shifts in democratic rating across nations", subtitle: "The last decade has seen the largest number nations decreasing their democratic score since the second world war.", x: { ticks: d3.range(1800, 2025, 20).map((d) => `${d}`), label: "year", labelArrow: "right" }, y: { label: "# nations", labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: "none" }, marks: [ Plot.areaY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: "up", strokeWidth: 0.5, stroke: "#222", strokeOpacity: 0.2, fillOpacity: 0.2, fill: "steelblue", curve: "step" }), Plot.areaY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: (d) => -d.down, strokeWidth: 0.5, stroke: "#222", strokeOpacity: 0.2, fillOpacity: 0.2, fill: "salmon", curve: "step" }), Plot.lineY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: "diff", stroke: "#222", strokeWidth: 1.5, curve: "step" }), Plot.barY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: "diff", stroke: (d) => (d.diff < 0 ? "salmon" : "steelblue"), strokeWidth: 1, fill: (d) => (d.diff < 0 ? "salmon" : "steelblue"), curve: "monotone-x", tip: true }), Plot.ruleY([0]), // legend (a, b, c, layout) => svg` Total num. nations increase/decrease Difference in num. nations ` ] })2d:Tb45,Plot.plot({ title: "Shifts in democratic rating across nations", subtitle: "The last decade has seen the largest number nations decreasing their democratic score since the second world war. Since the number of nations in the world has fluctuted the number of nations has been transformed to a percentage of the total number countries that year.", x: { ticks: d3.range(1800, 2025, 20).map((d) => `${d}`), label: "year", labelArrow: "right" }, y: { label: "% nations of the world", labelOffset: 51, labelAnchor: "center", labelArrow: "none", percent: true, ticks: 3, tickFormat: (d) => `${d}%` }, marginLeft: 42 + 8, insetTop: 24, insetBottom: 12, marks: [ Plot.areaY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: "up", y: (d) => d.up / (d.up + d.down), strokeWidth: 0.5, stroke: "#222", strokeOpacity: 0.2, fillOpacity: 0.2, fill: "steelblue", curve: "step" }), Plot.areaY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: (d) => -d.down / (d.up + d.down), strokeWidth: 0.5, stroke: "#222", strokeOpacity: 0.2, fillOpacity: 0.2, fill: "salmon", curve: "step" }), Plot.lineY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: (d) => d.diff / (d.up + d.down), stroke: "#222", strokeWidth: 1.5, curve: "step" }), Plot.barY(yearUpDownCount, { x: "year", y: (d) => d.diff / (d.up + d.down), stroke: (d) => (d.diff < 0 ? "salmon" : "steelblue"), strokeWidth: 1, fill: (d) => (d.diff < 0 ? "salmon" : "steelblue"), curve: "monotone-x", tip: true }), Plot.text( [ { year: "1940", text: "World war II", y: -0.4 }, { year: "1915", text: "World war I", y: -0.6 }, { year: "1989", text: "Fall of Berlin wall", y: 0.9 } ], { x: "year", y: "y", fontSize: 12, textAnchor: "middle", text: "text", fill: "#222" } ), Plot.ruleY([0]), // legend (a, b, c, layout) => svg` % nations that increase/decrease % difference ` ] })2e:T1806,{ const baselineYear = 1980; const tickYear = 5; // enrich with region and sub-region const heatmapData = vDemCyCoreV13_transformedV1 .map((d) => ({ year: d.year, country_name: d.country_name, country_text_id: d.country_text_id, v2x_polyarchy: d.v2x_polyarchy, region: iso3ToRegionName(d.country_text_id), subRegion: iso3ToSubRegionName(d.country_text_id) })) .filter((d) => d.year >= baselineYear && d.region === "Europe"); const countriesArray = Array.from( d3.group(heatmapData, (d) => d.country_text_id).values() ); const transformedData = countriesArray.flatMap((c) => c.map((d, i, arr) => ({ ...d, absDiff: i > 0 ? d.v2x_polyarchy - arr[i - 1].v2x_polyarchy : 0 })) ); const testDataGrouped = d3.group(transformedData, (d) => d.subRegion); const testDataArray = Array.from(testDataGrouped); const xRange = d3.extent(transformedData, (d) => d.year); const xTicks = d3.range(xRange[0], xRange[1], tickYear); const colors = ["#e11810", "#F78787", "#F4F4F4", "#89C0F5", "#1172E2"]; const thresholds = [-0.02, -0.005, 0.005, 0.02]; const thresholdsLabels = ["-2%", "-0.5%", "0.5%", "2%"]; const thresholdLenghtMultipliers = [2, 1.5, 1, 1.5, 2]; const thresholdLenghtOffset = [0, 2, 3.5, 4.5, 6]; const tresholdAnnotatons = ["⇦ Decreasing", "Stable", "Increasing ⇨"]; const tresholdAnnotatonsOffsets = [0.75, 3, 5]; const thresholdAnnotationMultipliers = [1, 1, 1]; // threshold var colorScale = d3.scaleThreshold().domain(thresholds).range(colors); const plots = testDataArray.map((d, j) => Plot.plot({ subtitle: d[0], padding: null, marginLeft: 0, marginRight: 150, marginTop: 44, width: 688, marks: [ Plot.axisY({ anchor: "right", labelAnchor: "top", tickSpacing: 35, ticks: null, label: null, tickSize: null }), Plot.axisX({ label: null, ticks: xTicks, tickFormat: (d, i) => (i % 2 === 1 ? "" : "" + d), anchor: "bottom", tickSize: 8, tickPadding: 4 }), Plot.axisX({ label: null, ticks: [1989, 2011, 2020], tickFormat: (d) => d === 1989 ? "Fall of Berlin wall\n1989" : d === 2011 ? "Democratic high-point\n2011" : "Covid-19\n2020", anchor: "top", tickSize: 8, tickPadding: 4, fontWeight: "bold", color: "#222" }), Plot.cell(d[1], { type: "band", x: "year", y: "country_name", fill: (d) => colorScale(d.absDiff), inset: 0, stroke: "#222" }), Plot.tip( d[1], Plot.pointerX({ x: "year", y: "country_name", title: (d, i, arr) => `${d.country_name} (${d.year}) \n${"difference"}: ${d.absDiff} \n${"current"}:${d.v2x_polyarchy} `, fontWeight: "bold" }) ) ] }) ); return html`

${Plot.plot({ height: 0, margin: 0, padding: 0, title: "Erosion of European democracy", subtitle: "Year-on-year change in democratic score. The European democratic high-point was reached in 2011 with following years witnessing a decline. Compared to 2011, 33 countries out of a 39 experienced a decrease in their democratic score." })}

${plots}

`; }2f:Te20,Plot.plot({ x: { grid: true }, title: "Top-level democratic indices", subtitle: "Sum of top-level indices for all countries using V-Dem data", marginRight: 100, marginTop: 24, marks: [ Plot.ruleY([0]), // annotations Plot.ruleX([new Date(2012, 0, 2)], { strokeDasharray: [4, 2], strokeOpacity: 0.6 }), // democratic highpoint Plot.text(stats.max, { filter: (d) => d.year === 2012, x: (d) => new Date(d.year, 0, 2), y: 100, text: (d) => "democratic\nhighpoint", dy: -12, dx: 4 }), Plot.ruleX([new Date(1989, 0, 2)], { strokeDasharray: [4, 2], strokeOpacity: 0.6 }), // fall of Berlin wall Plot.text(stats.max, { filter: (d) => d.year === 1989, x: (d) => new Date(d.year, 0, 2), y: 100, text: (d) => "fall of\nBerlin wall", dy: -12, dx: -4 }), Plot.ruleX([new Date(1945, 0, 2)], { strokeDasharray: [4, 2], strokeOpacity: 0.6 }), // end of WWII Plot.text(stats.max, { filter: (d) => d.year === 1945, x: (d) => new Date(d.year, 0, 2), y: 100, text: (d) => "WWII end", dy: -12 }), Plot.ruleX([new Date(1918, 0, 2)], { strokeDasharray: [4, 2], strokeOpacity: 0.6 }), // end of WWI Plot.text(stats.max, { filter: (d) => d.year === 1918, x: (d) => new Date(d.year, 0, 2), y: 100, text: (d) => "WWI end", dy: -12 }), // v2x_polyarchy Plot.line(stats.max, { x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_polyarchy", stroke: "orange", strokeWidth: 3 }), Plot.text( stats.max, Plot.selectLast({ x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_polyarchy", text: (d) => "v2x_polyarchy", frameAnchor: "left", dx: 6 }) ), // v2x_libdem Plot.line(stats.max, { x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_libdem", stroke: "#7fc97f" }), Plot.text( stats.max, Plot.selectLast({ x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_libdem", text: (d) => "v2x_libdem", frameAnchor: "left", dx: 6, dy: 5, fill: "#7fc97f", fontWeight: "bold" }) ), // v2x_partipdem Plot.line(stats.max, { x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_partipdem", stroke: "#beaed4" }), Plot.text( stats.max, Plot.selectLast({ x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_partipdem", text: (d) => "v2x_partipdem", frameAnchor: "left", dx: 6, fill: "#beaed4", fontWeight: "bold" }) ), // v2x_delibdem Plot.line(stats.max, { x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_delibdem", stroke: "#ff9999" }), Plot.text( stats.max, Plot.selectLast({ x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_delibdem", text: (d) => "v2x_delibdem", frameAnchor: "left", dx: 6, dy: -5, fill: "#ff9999", fontWeight: "bold" }) ), // v2x_egaldem Plot.line(stats.max, { x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_egaldem", stroke: "#386cb0" }), Plot.text( stats.max, Plot.selectLast({ x: (d) => new Date(d["year"], 0, 2), y: "v2x_egaldem", text: (d) => "v2x_egaldem", frameAnchor: "left", dx: 6, dy: 8, fill: "#386cb0", fontWeight: "bold" }) ) ] })30:T48d,stats = { // max const yearExtent = d3.extent(vDemCyCoreV13_transformedV1, (d) => d.year); const years = d3.range(yearExtent[0], yearExtent[1] + 1, 1); const max = years.map((year) => { const countries = vDemCyCoreV13_transformedV1.filter( (d) => d.year === year ); return { year: year, v2x_polyarchy: d3.sum(countries, (d) => d.v2x_polyarchy), v2x_libdem: d3.sum(countries, (d) => d.v2x_libdem), v2x_partipdem: d3.sum(countries, (d) => d.v2x_partipdem), v2x_delibdem: d3.sum(countries, (d) => d.v2x_delibdem), v2x_egaldem: d3.sum(countries, (d) => d.v2x_egaldem) }; }); const mean = years.map((year) => { const countries = vDemCyCoreV13_transformedV1.filter( (d) => d.year === year ); return { year: year, v2x_polyarchy: d3.mean(countries, (d) => d.v2x_polyarchy), v2x_libdem: d3.mean(countries, (d) => d.v2x_libdem), v2x_partipdem: d3.mean(countries, (d) => d.v2x_partipdem), v2x_delibdem: d3.mean(countries, (d) => d.v2x_delibdem), v2x_egaldem: d3.mean(countries, (d) => d.v2x_egaldem) }; }); return { max, mean }; }31:T695,// calculate diff between how many countries have increased or decreased their score in a year, remove country name yearUpDownCount = { const data = v2x_polyarchy_wide; // group by country const groupedData = aq .from(data) .groupby("country_name") .objects({ grouped: true }); // calculate difference between year for each country const yearData = []; Array.from(groupedData).forEach((d) => { const obj = {}; const years = Object.entries(d[1][0]).forEach(([k, v], i, arr) => { if (i === 0 || k === "country_name") { return; } const yearDiff = v - arr[i - 1][1]; // if the diff is positive return a 1, -1 if negative and 0 if no change obj[k] = { up: yearDiff > 0 ? 1 : 0, down: yearDiff < 0 ? 1 : 0, diff: yearDiff > 0 ? 1 : yearDiff < 0 ? -1 : 0 }; }); yearData.push(obj); }); console.log(yearData); // Generate sum function for each year column const funcs = {}; Object.keys(yearData[0]).forEach((k) => { funcs[`${k}_up`] = eval(`(d) => op.sum(d["${k}"].up)`); funcs[`${k}_down`] = eval(`(d) => op.sum(d["${k}"].down)`); funcs[`${k}_diff`] = eval(`(d) => op.sum(d["${k}"].diff)`); }); // sum all columns (ie. get the diff) const objArr = aq.from(yearData).rollup(funcs).object(); const result = new Map(); Object.entries(objArr).forEach(([k, v]) => { const key = k.split("_"); if (result.has(key[0])) { const o = result.get(key[0]); o[key[1]] = v; } else { const obj = {}; obj.year = key[0]; obj[key[1]] = v; result.set(key[0], obj); } }); return Array.from(result.values()); }32:T40a,function joinElement(svg) { const postRender = (svg) => { const size = { height: 0, width: 0 }; svg .selectChildren() .nodes() .forEach((el, i) => { const box = el.getBBox(); // always translate the element with the previous elements height d3.select(el).attr("transform", `translate(0, ${size.height})`); d3.select(el).attr("height", size.height); // get the height of the element and add an offset if there is one specified in the datum size.height += box.height + 16; // use the width of the widest element size.width = box.width > size.width ? box.width : size.width; }); svg.attr("width", size.width); svg.attr("height", size.height); }; // do this once the svg has been rendered to screen, ie. it has a height and width if (svg.isConnected) { Promise.resolve().then(() => postRender(svg)); } else if (typeof requestAnimationFrame !== "undefined") { requestAnimationFrame(() => postRender(svg)); } }33:[{"id":"2aa4be142ba02aca4c95e739f67cb468e9476ccc5af18628080be8f7f4d7c126f4091f7eca7db8a8768ed6cdb97f9ccc18d294e7e9a4ae418b653f615a46f0cd","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/2aa4be142ba02aca4c95e739f67cb468e9476ccc5af18628080be8f7f4d7c126f4091f7eca7db8a8768ed6cdb97f9ccc18d294e7e9a4ae418b653f615a46f0cd","name":"UNSD — Methodology.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1710232147869,"size":20174},{"id":"3e00b68e5f744dce8b40e2415f7f8fea2035031082e43414d3f11599d313a474273526b4594b3e26f5f18c055f2988f08aac9a17d60da50f710d66db6a291b75","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3e00b68e5f744dce8b40e2415f7f8fea2035031082e43414d3f11599d313a474273526b4594b3e26f5f18c055f2988f08aac9a17d60da50f710d66db6a291b75","name":"vdem hierarchy - 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v2x_polyarchy.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1708344214095,"size":5447}] 2a:{"title":"V-Dem exploration","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"# V-Dem exploration\n\nA collection of data manipulations and explorations of the V-Dem dataset.\n\nData source: [V-dem](https://v-dem.net/about/)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":28,"value":"## Electoral democracy index (D) (v2x_polyarchy)\n**question:** To what extent is the ideal of electoral democracy in its fullest sense achieved?\n\nThe index is formed by taking the average of, on the one hand, the weighted average of the indices measuring freedom of association thick (v2x_frassoc_thick), clean elections (v2xel_frefair), freedom of expression (v2x_freexp_altinf), elected officials (v2x_elecoff), and suffrage (v2x_suffr) and, on the other, the five-way multiplicative interaction between those indices.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":91,"value":"Plot.plot({\n x: { grid: true },\n title: \"Electoral democracy index score\",\n subtitle: \"Sum of v2x_polyarchy for all countries\",\n marks: [\n Plot.ruleY([0]),\n Plot.line(stats.max, {\n x: (d) => new Date(d[\"year\"], 0, 2),\n y: \"v2x_polyarchy\",\n tip: true\n }),\n Plot.tip([`Democracy highpoint (2012)`], {\n x: new Date(\"2012-01-01\"),\n y: 95,\n dx: -20,\n anchor: \"right\"\n }),\n Plot.tip([`World War II (1942)`], {\n x: new Date(\"1942-01-01\"),\n y: 21,\n dy: 5,\n anchor: \"top\"\n }),\n Plot.tip([`Fall of Berlin wall (1989)`], {\n x: new Date(\"1989-01-01\"),\n y: 57,\n dx: -10,\n anchor: \"right\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":955,"value":"$2c","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1350,"value":"$2d","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2363,"value":"## Colour stripes democracy\nComparison to previous year score.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":2751,"value":"heatmapData = {\n const data = vDemCyCoreV13_transformedV1\n .map((d) => ({\n year: d.year,\n country_name: d.country_name,\n democratic_score: d.v2x_polyarchy,\n region: iso3ToRegionName(d.country_text_id),\n subregion: iso3ToSubRegionName(d.country_text_id)\n }))\n .filter((d) => d.year >= 1980 && d.region === \"Europe\");\n\n const groupedData = aq\n .from(data)\n .groupby([\"country_name\", \"region\", \"subregion\"])\n .pivot(\"year\", \"democratic_score\");\n\n return groupedData.objects();\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2100,"value":"$2e","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":330,"value":"The index is composed of subindexes.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":334,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marginLeft: 16,\n marginRight: 300,\n marginTop: 10,\n marginBottom: 10,\n height: indexHierarchies.v2x_polyarchy.length * 18,\n axis: null,\n marks: [\n Plot.tree(indexHierarchies.v2x_polyarchy, {\n treeLayout: indent,\n textStroke: \"white\",\n curve: \"step-before\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3207,"value":"scale = d3\n .scaleThreshold()\n .domain([-2, -1, 1, 2]) // Define the domain with threshold values\n .range([\"dark red\", \"light red\", \"white\", \"light blue\", \"dark blue\"]) // Define the range with discrete values","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3209,"value":"[scale(-2.1), scale(-1.1), scale(-0.1), scale(0.1), scale(1.1), scale(2.1)]","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":165,"value":"## Liberal democracy index (D) (v2x_libdem)\n**question:** To what extent is the ideal of liberal democracy achieved?\n\nThe liberal principle of democracy emphasizes the importance of protecting individual and minority rights against the tyranny of the state and the tyranny of the majority. The liberal model takes a \"negative\" view of political power insofar as it judges the quality of democracy by the limits placed on government. This is achieved by constitutionally protected civil liberties, strong rule of law, an independent judiciary, and effective checks and balances that, together, limit the exercise of executive power. To make this a measure of liberal democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy into account.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":167,"value":"Plot.plot({\n x: { grid: true },\n title: \"Liberal democracy index\",\n subtitle: \"Sum of v2x_libdem for all countries\",\n marks: [\n Plot.ruleY([0]),\n Plot.line(stats.max, {\n x: (d) => new Date(d[\"year\"], 0, 2),\n y: \"v2x_libdem\",\n tip: true\n }),\n Plot.tip([`Democracy highpoint (2012)`], {\n x: new Date(\"2012-01-01\"),\n y: 74,\n dx: -20,\n anchor: \"right\"\n }),\n Plot.tip([`World War II (1942)`], {\n x: new Date(\"1942-01-01\"),\n y: 18,\n dy: 5,\n anchor: \"top\"\n }),\n Plot.tip([`Fall of Berlin wall (1989)`], {\n x: new Date(\"1989-01-01\"),\n y: 44,\n dx: -10,\n anchor: \"right\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":411,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marginLeft: 16,\n marginRight: 300,\n marginTop: 10,\n marginBottom: 10,\n height: indexHierarchies.v2x_libdem.length * 18,\n axis: null,\n marks: [\n Plot.tree(indexHierarchies.v2x_libdem, {\n treeLayout: indent,\n textStroke: \"white\",\n curve: \"step-before\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":179,"value":"## Participatory democracy index (D) (v2x_partipdem)\n**question:** To what extent is the ideal of participatory democracy achieved?\n\nThe participatory principle of democracy emphasizes active participation by citizens in all political processes, electoral and non-electoral. It is motivated by uneasiness about a bedrock practice of electoral democracy: delegating authority to representatives. Thus, direct rule by citizens is preferred, wherever practicable. This model of democracy thus takes suffrage for granted, emphasizing engagement in civil society organizations, direct democracy, and subnational elected bodies. To make it a measure of participatory democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy into account.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":188,"value":"Plot.plot({\n x: { grid: true },\n title: \"Participatory democracy index\",\n subtitle: \"Sum of v2x_partipdem for all countries\",\n marks: [\n Plot.ruleY([0]),\n Plot.line(stats.max, {\n x: (d) => new Date(d[\"year\"], 0, 2),\n y: \"v2x_partipdem\",\n tip: true\n }),\n Plot.tip([`Democracy highpoint (2012)`], {\n x: new Date(\"2012-01-01\"),\n y: 61,\n dx: -20,\n anchor: \"right\"\n }),\n Plot.tip([`World War II (1942)`], {\n x: new Date(\"1942-01-01\"),\n y: 13,\n dy: 5,\n anchor: \"top\"\n }),\n Plot.tip([`Fall of Berlin wall (1989)`], {\n x: new Date(\"1989-01-01\"),\n y: 35,\n dx: -10,\n anchor: \"right\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":414,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marginLeft: 16,\n marginRight: 300,\n marginTop: 10,\n marginBottom: 10,\n height: indexHierarchies.v2x_partipdem.length * 18,\n axis: null,\n marks: [\n Plot.tree(indexHierarchies.v2x_partipdem, {\n treeLayout: indent,\n textStroke: \"white\",\n curve: \"step-before\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":7,"value":"\n## Egalitarian democracy index (D) (v2x_egaldem)\n**question:** To what extent is the ideal of egalitarian democracy achieved?\n\nThe egalitarian principle of democracy holds that material and immaterial inequalities inhibit the exercise of formal rights and liberties, and diminish the ability of citizens from all social groups to participate. Egalitarian democracy is achieved when 1 rights and freedoms of individuals are protected equally across all social groups; and 2 resources are distributed equally across all social groups; 3 groups and individuals enjoy equal access to power. To make it a measure of egalitarian democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy into account.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":416,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marginLeft: 16,\n marginRight: 300,\n marginTop: 10,\n marginBottom: 10,\n axis: null,\n height: indexHierarchies.v2x_egaldem.length * 18,\n marks: [\n Plot.tree(indexHierarchies.v2x_egaldem, {\n treeLayout: indent,\n textStroke: \"white\",\n curve: \"step-before\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":186,"value":"## Deliberative democracy index (D) (v2x_delibdem)\n**question:** To what extent is the ideal of deliberative democracy achieved?\n\nhe deliberative principle of democracy focuses on the process by which decisions are reached in a polity. A deliberative process is one in which public reasoning focused on the common good motivates political decisions—as contrasted with emotional appeals, solidary attachments, parochial interests, or coercion. According to this principle, democracy requires more than an aggregation of existing preferences. There should also be respectful dialogue at all levels—from preference formation to final decision—among informed and competent participants who are open to persuasion. To make it a measure of not only the deliberative principle but also of democracy, the index also takes the level of electoral democracy into account.","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":419,"value":"Plot.plot({\n marginLeft: 16,\n marginRight: 300,\n marginTop: 10,\n marginBottom: 10,\n axis: null,\n height: indexHierarchies.v2x_delibdem.length * 18,\n marks: [\n Plot.tree(indexHierarchies.v2x_delibdem, {\n treeLayout: indent,\n textStroke: \"white\",\n curve: \"step-before\"\n })\n ]\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":195,"value":"# All together","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":197,"value":"$2f","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":18,"value":"# Data transformation\n\nAs the original dataset was too large to handle in Observable (file size >200mb) a pre-processing transformation step where a subset of columns where selected was performed using Javascript + Arquero. \n\n**Columns selected:** country_name, country_text_id, year, v2x_polyarchy, v2x_libdem, v2x_partipdem, v2x_delibdem, v2x_egaldem\n\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":44,"value":"# Datasets","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":47,"value":"## Indices data\n**Data:** https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/country-year-v-dem-core-v13/","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":525,"value":"vDemCyCoreV13_transformedV1 = await FileAttachment(\"V-Dem-CY-Core-v13_transformed-v1.csv\").csv({typed: \"auto\"})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":965,"value":"### calculate statistics for each index","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":515,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":970,"value":"### transform the data from long to wide format","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":638,"value":"v2x_polyarchy_wide = customPivot(\n await FileAttachment(\"V-Dem-CY-Core-v13_transformed-v1.csv\").csv(),\n \"country_name\",\n [\"year\", \"v2x_polyarchy\"]\n)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":503,"value":"## Hierarchy of indices\n\nThis data from **Appendix A: Structure of Aggregation** in the code book for the dataset: https://v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/country-year-v-dem-core-v13/","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":474,"value":"indexHierarchies = ({\n v2x_delibdem: toHierarchy(\n await FileAttachment(\"vdem hierarchy - v2x_delibdem.csv\").csv()\n ),\n v2x_egaldem: toHierarchy(\n await FileAttachment(\"vdem hierarchy - v2x_egaldem.csv\").csv()\n ),\n v2x_partipdem: toHierarchy(\n await FileAttachment(\"vdem hierarchy - v2x_partipdem@2.csv\").csv()\n ),\n v2x_polyarchy: toHierarchy(\n await FileAttachment(\"vdem hierarchy - v2x_polyarchy.csv\").csv()\n ),\n v2x_libdem: toHierarchy(\n await FileAttachment(\"vdem hierarchy - v2x_libdem.csv\").csv()\n )\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":996,"value":"## Count how many countries have increase or decreased their score each year\n\nDataset: **v2x_polyarchy_wide**","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":717,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1496,"value":"## country codes\n\n**data:** https://github.com/lukes/ISO-3166-Countries-with-Regional-Codes/blob/master/all/all.csv","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":1861,"value":"countryCodes = FileAttachment(\"countrycode.csv\").csv()","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3406,"value":"countryCodes_UN = {\n // https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/overview/\n var parser = d3.dsvFormat(\";\");\n\n const text = await FileAttachment(\"UNSD — Methodology.csv\").text();\n return parser.parse(text);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":421,"value":"# Helpers","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":992,"value":"## Tree helpers","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":423,"value":"function toHierarchy(data) {\n const result = data.map((d) => {\n const nodeString = Object.values(d).filter(Boolean).join(\"/\");\n\n return nodeString;\n });\n\n return result;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":392,"value":"// Custom tree layout function for Observable Plots Tree mark\nfunction indent() {\n return (root) => {\n root.eachBefore((node, i) => {\n node.y = node.depth;\n node.x = i;\n });\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1005,"value":"## General helpers","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":707,"value":"// Pivot the data AND transform strings to numbers\ncustomPivot = (data, groupbyColumn, pivotColumns) => {\n let table = aq.from(data);\n table = table.groupby(groupbyColumn).pivot(...pivotColumns);\n\n const objects = table.objects();\n const arr = objects.map((o) => {\n const res = {};\n\n Object.entries(o).forEach(([k, v]) =>\n k !== groupbyColumn ? (res[k] = +v) : (res[k] = v)\n );\n\n return res;\n });\n\n return arr;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1780,"value":"percentageFormatter = (num) => {\n return new Intl.NumberFormat(\"default\", {\n style: \"percent\",\n minimumFractionDigits: 2,\n maximumFractionDigits: 2\n }).format(num / 100);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1798,"value":"heatmapColorScale = {\n const minVal = 0.8,\n maxVal = 1.2;\n return (val) => {\n const t = (val - minVal) / (maxVal - minVal); // t in [0, 1]\n return d3.interpolateRdBu(t);\n };\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1867,"value":"iso3ToRegionName = (ios3) => {\n const country = countryCodes_UN.find((c) => c[\"ISO-alpha3 Code\"] === ios3);\n\n return country ? country[\"Region Name\"] : \"unknown\";\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2797,"value":"iso3ToSubRegionName = (ios3) => {\n const country = countryCodes_UN.find((c) => c[\"ISO-alpha3 Code\"] === ios3);\n\n return country ? country[\"Sub-region Name\"] : \"unknown\";\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2039,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2359,"value":"percentFormater = (digits = 2) => \n new Intl.NumberFormat(\"default\", {\n style: \"percent\",\n minimumFractionDigits: digits,\n maximumFractionDigits: digits\n })","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2361,"value":"numFormater = new Intl.NumberFormat(\"default\", {\n minimumFractionDigits: 2,\n maximumFractionDigits: 2\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":984,"value":"## Imports","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":642,"value":"import { aq, op } from \"@uwdata/arquero\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W33","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}