30:T651,renderer = { const renderer = new THREE.WebGLRenderer({antialias: true}); const controls = new THREE.OrbitControls(camera, renderer.domElement); // https://threejs.org/docs/#examples/en/controls/OrbitControls controls.enablePan = false; controls.enableZoom = false; invalidation.then(() => (controls.dispose(), renderer.dispose())); // ??? renderer.setSize(width, height); renderer.setPixelRatio(window.devicePixelRatio); controls.addEventListener("change", () => renderer.render(scene, camera)); // ??? renderer.render(scene, camera); return Object.assign(renderer.domElement, { update(frame, components=[], dmtype=[], displayoptions=[]) { const a = init[frame].a; // Calculate the proper distance in Mpc travelled by light from the start of the simulation. const properdist = a * (init[0].d - init[frame].d) // Display with a highly reduced speed of light. const d = speed * properdist; atoms.update(components.includes("Atoms"), a); darkmatter.update(components.includes("Dark Matter"), a, dmtype); neutrinos.update(components.includes("Neutrinos"), a, d); photons.update(components.includes("Photons"), a, d); comovingCube.update(displayoptions.includes("comoving"), a); properCube.update(displayoptions.includes("proper"), 1); if(displayoptions.includes("clipped")) { for(let plane of clippingPlanes) plane.constant = 1.001 * a; renderer.clippingPlanes = clippingPlanes; } else { renderer.clippingPlanes = []; } renderer.render(scene, camera); } }); }31:T4c2,class Radiation extends Particles { constructor(n, {beta=1, pointsize=0.05, size=1}={}) { super(n, {color:0xff0000, pointsize:pointsize, size:size}); // Generate random velocity directions. const [vx,vy,vz] = RNG.onsphere().array(n, {dtype:Float32Array}); this.v = interleave(vx, vy, vz); // Implement periodic wrap around. this.wrap = s => { const t = (s + size) % (2*size); return t >= 0 ? t - size : t + size; } // Map a values to 0-1 for coloring. const amax = init[init.length-1].a; const arange = amax - init[0].a; this.tcolor = a => (amax - a) / arange; this.beta = beta; } update(visible, a, d) { if(visible) { // Update positions. for(let i=0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) this.vertices[i] = a * this.wrap(this.comoving[i] + this.beta * d * this.v[i]); // Update the color of all photons. const C = d3.rgb(d3.interpolateSpectral(this.tcolor(a))); this.points.material.color.r = C.r / 255; this.points.material.color.g = C.g / 255; this.points.material.color.b = C.b / 255; } this.points.geometry.attributes.position.needsUpdate = visible; this.points.visible = visible; } }32:[{"id":"f56c3519dba3d2ac88e2767a7e99295576600e002a76ea84788e53935fffbaf59f26f2be26376e4de610166a4cc82f107fa4c907d485042ea584a0b5fcea2094","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/f56c3519dba3d2ac88e2767a7e99295576600e002a76ea84788e53935fffbaf59f26f2be26376e4de610166a4cc82f107fa4c907d485042ea584a0b5fcea2094","name":"ball.png","type":"image/png","lastModified":1603134072281.484,"size":3983}] 2e:{"title":"Cosmic Particles","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# Cosmic Particles`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":230,"value":"md`## TODO\n - Include Planck distribution of photon energies?\n - Scale neutrino temperature ${tex`T_\\nu/T_\\gamma = (4/11)^{1/3}`}.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":15,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":871,"value":"densities = html`\nNumber Densities:\nAtoms: ${Number(1e6*Planck15.nb(init[frame].z)).toFixed(2)}/m³, \nDark Matter: ${Number(1e6*Planck15.ndm(init[frame].z,0+dmtype)).toFixed(2)}/m³, \nNeutrinos: Neutrinos ${Number(9/11*Planck15.ngamma(init[frame].z)).toFixed(0)}/cm³, \nPhotons: ${Number(Planck15.ngamma(init[frame].z)).toFixed(0)}/cm³\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":546,"value":"templegend = legend({\n color: d3.scaleSequential([init[init.length-1].T,init[0].T], d3.interpolateSpectral),\n width: width,\n title: 'Radiation Temperature',\n tickFormat: T => Number(T).toFixed(1)+'K'\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":306,"value":"viewof frame=Scrubber(arange(nframes), {\n loop: false, autoplay: false,\n format: i => {\n const t = init[i].t;\n const sign = t < 0 ? ' - ' : ' + ';\n return 't = NOW' + sign + Number(Math.abs(t)).toFixed(1) + ' Gyr, a(t)=' + Number(init[i].a).toFixed(3);\n } \n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":670,"value":"viewof displayoptions = checkbox({\n options:[\n {value:'comoving', label:html`comoving m³`},\n {value:'proper', label:html`proper m³`},\n {value:'clipped', label:html`restricted view`}\n ],\n value: ['comoving', 'proper'],\n title: 'Display Options'\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":576,"value":"viewof components = checkbox({\n options:['Atoms', 'Dark Matter', 'Neutrinos', 'Photons'],\n title: 'Cosmic Components',\n value: []\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":581,"value":"viewof dmtype = radio({\n options:[\n {value:0.1, label:tex`0.1\\times m_p`},\n {value:1.0, label:tex`1\\times m_p`},\n {value:10.0, label:tex`10\\times m_p`}\n ],\n title: 'Dark Matter Particle Mass',\n value:1.0\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4,"value":"md`---\n### Customization`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":11,"value":"height = Math.round(0.75 * width)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":308,"value":"nframes = 600","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":367,"value":"speed = 0.02 // convert from Mpc to meters for visual display of speed of light","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":624,"value":"md`---\n### Initialize Visualization`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":343,"value":"ready = {\n renderer.update(frame, components, dmtype, displayoptions);\n return true;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":18,"value":"camera = {\n const fov = 45;\n const aspect = width / height;\n const near = 2;\n const far = 1000;\n const camera = new THREE.PerspectiveCamera(fov, aspect, near, far);\n camera.position.set(2, 2, -3)\n camera.lookAt(new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, 0));\n return camera;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":23,"value":"scene = {\n const scene = new THREE.Scene();\n scene.background = new THREE.Color(0x000000);\n scene.add(atoms.points);\n scene.add(darkmatter.points);\n scene.add(neutrinos.points);\n scene.add(photons.points);\n scene.add(comovingCube.wireframe);\n scene.add(properCube.wireframe);\n scene.fog = new THREE.FogExp2(0x000000, 0.05);\n return scene;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":512,"value":"properCube = new Cube({color:'skyblue'})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":509,"value":"comovingCube = new Cube({color:0xffffff})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":728,"value":"clippingPlanes = {\n const C=1.001;\n return [\n new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(+1, 0, 0), C),\n new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(-1, 0, 0), C),\n new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(0, +1, 0), C),\n new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(0, -1, 0), C),\n new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, +1), C),\n new THREE.Plane(new THREE.Vector3(0, 0, -1), C)\n ]\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":163,"value":"sprite = {\n // Images from https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mrdoob/three.js/master/examples/textures/sprites/\n const loader = new THREE.TextureLoader();\n const url = await FileAttachment('ball.png').url();\n // https://observablehq.com/@observablehq/introduction-to-promises\n return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n // https://threejs.org/docs/#api/en/loaders/TextureLoader\n loader.load(url, texture => resolve(texture))\n });\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":629,"value":"md`---\n### Initialize Model`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":409,"value":"atoms = new Particles(Math.round(1e6 * size ** 3 * Planck15.nb(0)), {color:0xffffff, pointsize:0.1, size:size})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":440,"value":"darkmatter = new DarkMatter(Math.round(1e6 * size ** 3 * Planck15.ndm(0)), {size:size})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":647,"value":"neutrinos = new Radiation(Math.round(9/11*nphotons), {beta:0.01, size:size})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":431,"value":"// Scale photon density down by 1e6\nphotons = new Radiation(nphotons, {size:size})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":775,"value":"nphotons = Math.round(0.1 * size ** 3 * Planck15.ngamma(0))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":752,"value":"size = 4 // size of simulated cube in meters","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":324,"value":"init = initialize(nframes)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":613,"value":"md`---\n### Definitions\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":313,"value":"initialize = function(nstep, {zmin=0, zmax=1, model=Planck15, ngrid=50}={}) {\n // Tabulate time and distance on a uniform redshift grid from zmin-zmax.\n const zgrid=linspace(zmin,zmax,ngrid);\n const tgrid=model.gridz(zgrid,'lookback_time').reverse().map(t => -t);\n const dgrid=model.gridz(zgrid,'comoving_distance').reverse();\n // Interpolate values to the requested number of time steps.\n const tstep=linspace(tgrid[0],tgrid[ngrid-1],nstep);\n const zstep=interp(tstep,tgrid,zgrid.reverse());\n const dstep=interp(tstep,tgrid,dgrid);\n const astep=zstep.map(z => 1/(1+z));\n const Tstep=astep.map(a => model._Tcmb0 / a);\n return tidy({t:tstep,z:zstep,a:astep,d:dstep,T:Tstep});\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":424,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":824,"value":"class DarkMatter extends Particles {\n constructor(n, {mrel=[0.1,1,10.], pointsize=0.15, size=1}={}) {\n super(Math.round(n / Math.min(...mrel)), {color:0x808080, pointsize:pointsize, size:size});\n // Calculate the number of particles and pointsize for each mrel.\n this.relopts = Object.fromEntries(mrel.map(\n m => [m+'', {npt:Math.round(n / m), size:pointsize*Math.pow(m,1/3)}]));\n }\n update(visible, a, mrel) {\n if(visible) {\n for(let i=0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) this.vertices[i] = a * this.comoving[i];\n const {npt:npt, size:size} = this.relopts[mrel];\n this.points.geometry.setDrawRange(0, npt);\n this.points.material.size = size;\n }\n this.points.geometry.attributes.position.needsUpdate = visible;\n this.points.visible = visible; \n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":403,"value":"class Particles {\n constructor(n, {color=0xffffff, pointsize=0.15, size=1}={}) {\n this.comoving = RNG.uniform(-size,+size).array(3*n, {dtype:Float32Array});\n this.vertices = this.comoving.slice();\n const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();\n geometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(this.vertices, 3)); \n const material = new THREE.PointsMaterial({\n size: pointsize, map: sprite, color: color, alphaTest:0.5, transparent: true});\n this.points = new THREE.Points(geometry, material);\n }\n update(visible, a) {\n if(visible) {\n for(let i=0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) this.vertices[i] = a * this.comoving[i];\n }\n this.points.geometry.attributes.position.needsUpdate = visible;\n this.points.visible = visible;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":502,"value":"class Cube {\n constructor({color=0xffffff, size=1}={}) {\n this.comoving = new Float32Array([\n -1,-1,-1, -1,-1,+1,\n -1,-1,+1, +1,-1,+1,\n +1,-1,+1, +1,-1,-1,\n +1,-1,-1, -1,-1,-1,\n -1,-1,-1, -1,+1,-1,\n +1,-1,-1, +1,+1,-1,\n -1,-1,+1, -1,+1,+1,\n +1,-1,+1, +1,+1,+1,\n -1,+1,-1, +1,+1,-1,\n +1,+1,-1, +1,+1,+1,\n +1,+1,+1, -1,+1,+1,\n -1,+1,+1, -1,+1,-1\n ]).map(u => size * u);\n this.vertices = this.comoving.slice();\n const geometry = new THREE.BufferGeometry();\n geometry.setAttribute('position', new THREE.BufferAttribute(this.vertices, 3));\n const material = new THREE.LineBasicMaterial({color: color, linewidth: 1 /*usually ignored?*/}); \n this.wireframe = new THREE.LineSegments(geometry, material);\n }\n update(visible, a) {\n for(let i=0; i < this.vertices.length; i++) this.vertices[i] = a * this.comoving[i];\n this.wireframe.geometry.attributes.position.needsUpdate = visible;\n this.wireframe.visible = visible;\n }\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":926,"value":"RNG = new RandomState('cosmic particles')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":619,"value":"md`---\n### Imports`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":7,"value":"THREE = {\n // Using the recipe in https://observablehq.com/@observablehq/how-to-require-stubborn-modules\n const THREE = window.THREE = await require(\"three@0.121.0/build/three.min.js\");\n await require(\"three@0.121.0/examples/js/controls/OrbitControls.js\").catch(() => {});\n await require(\"three@0.121.0/examples/js/lines/LineMaterial.js\").catch(() => {});\n //const THREE = window.THREE = await require('three');\n //await require('three/examples/js/controls/OrbitControls.js').catch(() => {});\n return THREE;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":318,"value":"import {Planck15} from '@dkirkby/cosmocalc'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":315,"value":"import {interleave, tidy} from '@dkirkby/array-utilities'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":923,"value":"import {RandomState} from '@dkirkby/random'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":56,"value":"import {zeros,arange,linspace,meshgrid,interp} from '@dkirkby/jumpy'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":578,"value":"import {radio,checkbox} from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":303,"value":"import {Scrubber} from '@mbostock/scrubber'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":544,"value":"import {legend} from \"@d3/color-legend\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":471,"value":"d3 = require('d3-color@2', 'd3-scale@3', 'd3-scale-chromatic@2')","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W32","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}