30:Tadd,md`## Everything is an [interpolation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation). -- [@MarioDelgadoSr](https://observablehq.com/@mariodelgadosr) * Keep this in [***'mind'***](https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/out-the-darkness/201701/why-the-mind-is-more-the-brain) when using and/or developing [Observable](https://observablehq.com/tutorials) or any other online content. * Heed this sage advice: >

* Also, the strongest arguments incorporate: * Logos (logic), * Ethos (authority) and * Pathos (emotions):

[Aristotle](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle/) (and others) suggested that all means of persuasion could be divided into three categories: ethos, pathos, and logos. He called these "appeals" in the sense that a speaker or author is asking the audience to believe him/her because of the logic of the case, the way the case makes one feel, or the character/authority of those who make the case.

**The Appeal to Logos** (Greek for 'word') refers to an inference the author constructs (an If. . Then. . statement of some kind) and the internal consistency of the message—the clarity of the claim, the soundness of the inference, and the effectiveness of its supporting evidence. We call the impact of logos on an audience the argument's logical appeal.

**The Appeal to Ethos** (Greek for 'character') refers to the credibility and authority of the writer or speaker, or the credibility and authority of those brought in to testify on behalf of the argument (or some part of the argument). Ethos is conveyed not only through providing evidence of credibility or authority (reputation, e.g.) but also through tone and style of the speaker or those brought in to support the argument. The impact of ethos is often called the argument's 'ethical appeal' or the 'appeal from credibility.'

**The Appeal to Pathos** (Greek for 'suffering' or 'experience') is associated with emotional appeal but a better equivalent might be "appeal to the audience's sympathies, instincts, assumptions, and unconcious, beliefs. An appeal to pathos causes an audience not just to respond emotionally but to identify with the writer's point of view—to feel what the writer feels. Perhaps the most common way of conveying a pathetic appeal is through narrative or story, which can turn the abstractions of logic into something palpable and present. The values, beliefs, and understandings of the writer are implicit in the story and conveyed emotionally to the reader.

[-- The Rhetorical Appeals](https://web.stanford.edu/~jonahw/PWR1/RhetoricalAppeals.htm) `31:T5c8,// Via: https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/98001/are-thomas-breuers-subjective-decoherence-and-scott-aaronsons-freebits-with-kn md`### Exhibit B:

### A [mind](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/) can not completely [contemplate](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/intentionality/) 'Everything'.

### Argument Analogous To The Mathematical Limit: * Suppose a mind attempts to contemplate 'Everything'. * That contemplation (***C1***) must include a contemplation of itself comptemplating 'Everything' (***C2***), which must include a contemplation (***C3***) of itself contemplating ***C1*** and ***C2***, and so on. * These contemplations will continue; approaching but never reaching a final contemplation (***C∞***). * All contemplations of 'Everything' short of ***C∞*** are incomplete and [abstract](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/) interpolations of 'Everything'. ### Argument Based On The Limits (pun intended) of Measurement: > ...[I]t is impossible for an observer to distinguish all states of a system in which she or he is contained. > > With this kind of non-self-measurability it is impossible for us to know the present state of the universe exactly... > > [-- Thomas Breuer: Classical Observables, Measurement, and Quantum Mechanics](https://homepages.fhv.at/tb/tb/cms/index.html%3Fdownload=tbDISS.pdf) `32:T44f,### Exhibit G:

The Dunning-Kruger Effect (Ignorance of Ignorance Matters) > Those with limited knowledge in a domain suffer a dual burden: Not only do they reach mistaken conclusions and make regrettable errors, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it... -- [Unskilled and unaware of it: how difficulties in recognizing one's own incompetence lead to inflated self-assessments](https://www.avaresearch.com/files/UnskilledAndUnawareOfIt.pdf) * "I know that I know nothing." --- [The Socratic Paradox](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_know_that_I_know_nothing) * "It takes considerable knowledge just to realize the extent of your own ignorance." --- [Thomas Sowell](https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/6584506-it-takes-considerable-knowledge-just-to-realize-the-extent-of)33:[{"id":"ffaa350dd0f34299610660dc2b77ad2990d3e25bbe018271ba1509ccde5140479fa3b332f391a7e3f2588faaad09142b9bd3fa775b2e6909d00e664e0f77af66","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/ffaa350dd0f34299610660dc2b77ad2990d3e25bbe018271ba1509ccde5140479fa3b332f391a7e3f2588faaad09142b9bd3fa775b2e6909d00e664e0f77af66","name":"BlindSpot.PNG","type":"image/png","lastModified":1631736695711.389,"size":262367},{"id":"3d313993f4ed43b278ffeab983c5c2a2c1798f7557cf0c18cd8a195f5d633508bcba1aed51bf03fcb8d11b7e40d52950b30ec2fa9fc4645545c26a1043e6d694","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/3d313993f4ed43b278ffeab983c5c2a2c1798f7557cf0c18cd8a195f5d633508bcba1aed51bf03fcb8d11b7e40d52950b30ec2fa9fc4645545c26a1043e6d694","name":"PSYC110.PNG","type":"image/png","lastModified":1637272639306.758,"size":566711},{"id":"ce0fe111b4b2bcc148150ad0498c3500b1db40cb908f64449cc8da269eab35ffb5d5c02aad5420d54f3ecf4917b637e2d13df80dead9f11391c11d644cc90f48","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/ce0fe111b4b2bcc148150ad0498c3500b1db40cb908f64449cc8da269eab35ffb5d5c02aad5420d54f3ecf4917b637e2d13df80dead9f11391c11d644cc90f48","name":"LincolnQuote.PNG","type":"image/png","lastModified":1636734650577.302,"size":232485},{"id":"fd5d28d3cd1c8934aa482641c598f5323ba98f6d34f6a58309e7a23b5907c83faf62ddef6f90b202205e2d3f4917ef0c48b468c226cda4337592644be072177d","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/fd5d28d3cd1c8934aa482641c598f5323ba98f6d34f6a58309e7a23b5907c83faf62ddef6f90b202205e2d3f4917ef0c48b468c226cda4337592644be072177d","name":"Flagellation of Christ Piero della Francesca.webp","type":"image/webp","lastModified":1640119960071.269,"size":27262}] 2e:{"title":"Perspective","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# Perspective`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":126,"value":"md `## Everything is the way it is because it got that way. \n -- [D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson (1860–1948) and Kenneth E. Boulding (1910–1993)](https://ncse.ngo/everything-way-it)\n\n* This aphorism contains more ***insight*** than meets the eye.\n* It is often attributed to famed biologist [D'Arcy Thompson](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson), but it turns-out to be a [mash-up](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mash-up) of Thompson's contributions and Boulding's commentary. A fitting metaphor because [***web application mash-ups***]( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid%29) are one of Observable's many attributes.\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":19,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":446,"value":"md`### Exhibit A:

\n\n**Question**: Is this cube a three-dimensional object?:\n${canvas}\n\n**Answer**: No. It's a two-dimensional object exploiting the mathematics of perspective that allows our psychology to interpret it as a three-dimensional object.\n\n

\n[-- Flagelation of Christ by Piero della Francesca](https://www.pierodellafrancesca.org/flagellation-of-christ/)\n\n

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":319,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":29,"value":"md`### Exhibit C: \n\n

\n\n> ...Your brain makes up [***interpolates***] for the gap in vision in the eye's blind spots. \n>\n> How? \n> \n> The brain ***fills the void*** by blending the images from both our eyes. \n\n> Therefore, you normally don’t realize that you have a blind spot in your right or left eye... \n-- [What is the blind spot in my eye?](https://www.allaboutvision.com/eye-care/eye-anatomy/blind-spot/)\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":76,"value":"md`### Exhibit D:

[Benham's Disk](https://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/benham.html)\nWhen color perception is in your head and not in the physical world.\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":84,"value":"md`${BenhamDiskApp}\n\n**Details**:\n\n \n[-- exploratorium.edu](https://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/benhams-disk)\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":431,"value":"md`### Exhibit E: How your brain invents your \"self\"\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":41,"value":"//https://observablehq.com/@tmcw/embedding-stuff-now-works\n// How to embed: https://youtu.be/iT97xCNh_-g\nmd`### Exhibit F: What You See Is All There Is (WYSIATI)\n\n> WYSIATI is a concept developed by Daniel Kahneman, a professor of psychology and a Nobel Prize laureate in economic sciences in 2002, in his book [Thinking, Fast and Slow](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thinking,_Fast_and_Slow)... \n-- [Kahneman’s word: WYSIATI](https://narrativeweliveby.wordpress.com/2020/03/19/kahnmans-word-wysiati/)\n\n\n\n\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":184,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":98,"value":"md`### Exhibit H:

Dan Dennett's ***[The Illusion of Consciousness](https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_dennett_the_illusion_of_consciousness)***\n\n

\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":156,"value":"md`\n### Exhibit I:

[Mirror Neurons](https://www.nc

bi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898692/):\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":287,"value":"### These cognitive dynamics, and more, are involved in both 'consuming' and 'developing' modern-day and future information assets:\n\n* \n \n* \n\n* [WashingtonPost: Will holograms be the next innovation in the post-pandemic workplace?](https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/02/09/innovations-holograms-at-work/)\n \n* [NPR: Facebook wants to lean into the metaverse. Here's what it is and how it will work](https://www.npr.org/2021/10/28/1050280500/what-metaverse-is-and-how-it-will-work)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"md"},{"id":422,"value":"md`### Must See TV: \n\n

\n-- [Open Yale Course: Introduction to Psychology](https://oyc.yale.edu/introduction-psychology/psyc-110)\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":80,"value":"import {BenhamDiskApp} from \"@mariodelgadosr/benham-disk\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":442,"value":"import { canvas } from \"6e3bcbbcfee2f7b6\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W33","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}