30:T62b,md` Since the CDC has begun publishing high-quality data I have updated all the graphs, using data from the CDC instead of data from the COVID Tracking Project. This has resulted in changes in positivity rates, and some slight changes to the signifigance. Previousy January was the only month where the difference in rates between mask-mandated states and non-mandated states was not statistically signifigant. With the updated data June is the only month that was not signifigant. This may be because mandates were new and I suspect compliance may have been low. However, every month subsequent the difference between states has been signifigantly lower in mandated states until April. April was the first month since June 2020 where mask mandates didn't show a signifigant difference. However, with approximately half of the adult US population having at least one vaccine shot it's a variable that the analysis does not adjust for, and is most likely biasing the results. I only included the states that had a mask mandate through the entire month, since the test data is going to lag actual infections. I used a Mann-Whitney U test to test for significant difference. P-values below 0.05 are considered significant. P-values
June: 0.0770
July: 0.0027
August: 0.0141
September: 0.0032
October: 0.0018
November: 0.0087
December: 0.0070
January: 0.042
February: 0.044
March: 0.02298
April: 0.4824 Data is from [HHS](https://beta.healthdata.gov/dataset/COVID-19-Diagnostic-Laboratory-Testing-PCR-Testing/j8mb-icvb/data). `31:T8d4,chart = { const svg = d3.select(DOM.svg(width, height)); var ave = svg.selectAll(".ave") .data(avg.filter(d => d.month === "June")) .join("rect") .attr("class" , "ave") .attr("fill", "steelblue") .attr("x", (d,i) => x(i)) .attr("width" , x.bandwidth()) .attr("y" , d => y(d.rate)) .attr("height" , d => y(0) - y(d.rate)); var states = svg.selectAll(".states") .data(rates.filter(d => d.month === "June")) .join("rect") .attr("class" , "states") .attr("y" , d => y(0)) .attr("x" , (d,i) => x(i)) .attr("width" , x.bandwidth()) .attr("fill", function (d) {if (d.mandate == "no") {return "red"} else {return "steelblue"}}) .attr("height" , d => 0); svg.append("g") .append("rect") .attr("class" , "legend") .attr("height" , 25) .attr("width" , 25) .attr("y" , margin.top) .attr("x" , 100) .attr("fill" , "steelblue") svg.append("g") .append("text") .attr("class" , "legend") .attr("y" , margin.top +20) .attr("x" , 130) .text("Mask Mandate"); svg.append("g") .append("rect") .attr("class" , "legend") .attr("height" , 25) .attr("width" , 25) .attr("y" , margin.top + 30) .attr("x" , 100) .attr("fill" , "red"); svg.append("g") .append("text") .attr("class" , "legend") .attr("y" , margin.top +50) .attr("x" , 130) .text("No Mandate"); svg.append("g") .call(yAxis); svg.append("g") .call(xAxis); const tooltip = svg.append("g"); svg .selectAll(".ave") .on("touchmove mousemove", function(event, d) { tooltip.call( callout,`Rate: ${format(d.rate)}` ); tooltip.attr("transform", `translate(${d3.pointer(event, this)})`); }) .on("touchend mouseleave", function() { tooltip.call(callout, null); }); svg .selectAll(".states") .on("touchmove mousemove", function(event, d) { tooltip.call( callout,`State: ${d.state} Rate: ${format(d.rate)}` ); tooltip.attr("transform", `translate(${d3.pointer(event, this)})`); }) .on("touchend mouseleave", function() { tooltip.call(callout, null); }); return svg.node(); }32:T6f9,function update (input) { if (input == "states") { y.domain([0 , d3.max(filtered, d => d.rate)]), x.domain(d3.range(filtered.length)), d3.selectAll(".ave").transition().ease(d3.easeBounceOut).duration(1000).attr("y" , y(0)).attr("height" , 0), d3.selectAll(".states").attr("width" , x.bandwidth()).attr("x" , (d,i) => x(i)).data(filtered).transition().ease(d3.easeBounceOut).duration(1000).delay((d,i) => 1000 + 5*i).attr("y" , d => y(d.rate)).attr("height" , d => y(0) - y(d.rate)).attr("fill", function (d) {if (d.mandate == "no") {return "red"} else {return "steelblue"}}), d3.selectAll(".x_axis").transition().duration(1000).call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickFormat((d,i) => filtered[i].state).tickSize(0)), d3.selectAll(".y_axis").transition().duration(1000).call(d3.axisLeft(y).ticks(10, format).tickSizeOuter(0)), d3.selectAll(".legend").transition().duration(3500).attr("opacity" , 1) } else if (input == "ave") { d3.selectAll(".states").transition().duration(1000).attr("y" , y(0)).attr("height" , 0), y.domain([0, d3.max(avg, d => d.rate)]), x.domain(d3.range(avg.filter(d => d.month === "June").length)), d3.selectAll(".ave").attr("x", (d,i) => x(i)).data(avg.filter(d => d.month === month)).attr("width" , x.bandwidth()).transition().ease(d3.easeExpIn).duration(1000).delay((d,i) => i).attr("y" , d => y(d.rate)).attr("height" , d => y(0) - y(d.rate)), d3.select(".x_axis").transition().duration(1000).call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickFormat((d,i) => avg[i].key).tickSize(0)), d3.selectAll(".y_axis").transition().duration(1000).call(d3.axisLeft(y).ticks(10, format).tickSizeOuter(0)), d3.selectAll(".legend").transition().duration(1000).attr("opacity" , 0) } ;}33:[{"id":"98281e2517ac2b31384e62d95c3ede90e40b586497c7ce1cdc6a469a3aec514500cc26ccd1039d58c4d4f71d6e66a09d1f3b8919c7f2f795f0623dbf1fb1764d","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/98281e2517ac2b31384e62d95c3ede90e40b586497c7ce1cdc6a469a3aec514500cc26ccd1039d58c4d4f71d6e66a09d1f3b8919c7f2f795f0623dbf1fb1764d","name":"avg@14.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1620054409116.615,"size":1270},{"id":"76c270221e9d3b47511b2dba6d376c5c09d333105da45ed0ef26636d6febfba91f46b2528f0ce7992f242a53f9e358ea0e2b7e1fcfebd7f4b787c71b1cb08724","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/76c270221e9d3b47511b2dba6d376c5c09d333105da45ed0ef26636d6febfba91f46b2528f0ce7992f242a53f9e358ea0e2b7e1fcfebd7f4b787c71b1cb08724","name":"states@14.csv","type":"text/csv","lastModified":1620054423063.148,"size":18935}] 2e:{"title":"COVID Masks","cells":[{"id":0,"value":"md`# COVID Masks`","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1988,"value":"$30","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":687,"value":"viewof r1 = radio({\n options: [\n { label: 'averages', value: \"ave\" },\n { label: 'states', value: \"states\" },\n ],\n value: \"ave\",\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3641,"value":"viewof month = select ({\n options: [\n {label: \"June\" , value: \"June\"},\n {label: \"July\" , value: \"July\"},\n {label: \"August\" , value: \"August\"},\n {label: \"September\" , value: \"September\"},\n {label: \"October\" , value: \"October\"},\n {label: \"November\" , value: \"November\"},\n {label: \"December\" , value: \"December\"},\n {label: \"January\" , value: \"January\"},\n {label: \"February\" , value: \"February\"},\n {label: \"March\" , value: \"March\"},\n {label: \"April\" , value: \"April\"},\n ],\n value: \"June\",\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":19,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4157,"value":"$32","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4170,"value":"update(r1)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":220,"value":"style = html`\n\n`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4305,"value":"callout = (g, value) => {\n if (!value) return g.style(\"display\", \"none\");\n\n g\n .style(\"display\", null)\n .style(\"pointer-events\", \"none\")\n .style(\"font\", \"12px sans-serif\");\n\n const path = g.selectAll(\"path\")\n .data([null])\n .join(\"path\")\n .attr(\"fill\", \"white\")\n .attr(\"stroke\", \"black\");\n\n const text = g.selectAll(\"text\")\n .data([null])\n .join(\"text\")\n .call(text => text\n .selectAll(\"tspan\")\n .data((value + \"\").split(/\\n/))\n .join(\"tspan\")\n .attr(\"x\", 0)\n .attr(\"y\", (d, i) => `${i * 1.5}em`)\n .style(\"font-weight\", (_, i) => i ? null : \"bold\")\n .text(d => d));\n\n const {x, y, width: w, height: h} = text.node().getBBox();\n\n text.attr(\"transform\", `translate(${-w / 2},${15 - y})`);\n path.attr(\"d\", `M${-w / 2 - 10},5H-5l5,-5l5,5H${w / 2 + 10}v${h + 20}h-${w + 20}z`);\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":148,"value":"format = d3.format(\".1%\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":21,"value":"x = d3.scaleBand()\n .domain(d3.range(avg.filter(d => d.month === \"June\").length))\n .range([margin.left, width - margin.right])\n .padding(0.2)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1759,"value":"xAxis = g => g\n .attr(\"transform\", `translate(0,${height - margin.bottom})`)\n .attr(\"class\" , \"x_axis\")\n .call(d3.axisBottom(x).tickSizeOuter(0).tickFormat(i => avg[i].key).tickSize(0))","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4346,"value":"d3.range(avg.filter((d) => d.month === \"June\").length)","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":22,"value":"y = d3.scaleLinear()\n .domain([0, d3.max(avg, d => d.rate)])\n .range([height - margin.bottom, margin.top])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":29,"value":"yAxis = g => g\n .attr(\"transform\", `translate(${margin.left},0)`)\n .attr(\"class\" , \"y_axis\")\n .call(d3.axisLeft(y).ticks(10, format).tickSizeOuter(0))\n .call(g => g.append(\"text\")\n .attr(\"class\" , \"label\")\n .attr(\"transform\", \"rotate(-90)\")\n .attr(\"y\", 15)\n .attr(\"x\" , -height/2+margin.top)\n .attr(\"text-anchor\", \"middle\")\n .attr(\"fill\", \"black\")\n .text(\"Positive Rate\"))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":11,"value":"rates = d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"states@14.csv\").text(), ({state, month, rate, mandate}) => ({state: state, month: month, rate: +rate, mandate: mandate}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3830,"value":"filtered = rates.filter(d => d.month === month).sort((a,b) => a.rate - b.rate)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3625,"value":"avg = d3.csvParse(await FileAttachment(\"avg@14.csv\").text(), ({month, rate, key}) => ({month: month, rate: +rate, key: key}))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1980,"value":"height = 600","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":6,"value":"margin = ({top: 40, right: 25, bottom: 40, left: 45})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":693,"value":"import {radio} from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2003,"value":"import {select} from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@^6\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W33","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}