31:T9de,med = md`# Understanding Sanskrit Features Devanagiri, the Sanskrit writing system, is one of the most sophisticated writing systems in the world. The word Sanskrit literally means "that which has been forged" which speaks to its history as a holy language that was actively shaped by grammarians, both to preserve the proper pronunciation of shlokas in an oral tradition and to create a language whose qualities would be as perfect as possible. The Devanagiri writing system did not appear overnight, but emerged gradually, evolving from the original Brahmi inscriptions which the first Buddhist king, King Ashok, left in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. Over time the writing system was reanalysed into a combinatorial system based on what linguists call "distinctive features." Distinctive features are what lie beneath the sounds of a language. What we think of as the phonetic inventory of a language is a group of interacting qualities, such as whether a sound is nasal (like 'm' and 'n'), whether it is voiced (like 'v') or unvoiced (like 'f'). Also important is the place of articulation, or its location within the vocal tract. Together linguists call phonological features "place and manner of articulation." The architects of Devanagiri were aware of this. Indeed, although it is not often acknowledged, comparative philology as a Western institution was partly inspired by the discovery of Sanskrit grammarians by the Germans. Of these scholars, Panini, a grammarian who worked 2,500 years ago at the ancient university of Takshashila, was instrumental in codifying the form of Sanskrit we have today, although there were many grammarians who came before him. The letters of Devanagiri are organized so that their shape reflects both place and manner of articulation. This is usually visualized as a table (see Figure 1). The y-axis traditionally represents place of articulation, and the x-axis represents manner. You can see three different interacting features on the x-acis whose qualities combine to form the different arrays of letters — either voiced "saghosa"/unvoiced "aghosa", aspirated "mahaprana"/unaspirated "alpaprana" etc. If you study each deva of Devanagiri closely you will notice that the shapes of the letters mimic these features in a systematic way. This is what makes Devanagiri a linguist's dream, because it is a phonologically transparent writing system. Which is to be expected, as it was invented by some of the first modern linguists in the world — the grammarians of Takshashila. `32:T419,pale = md ` This is the traditional way to represent Devanagiri, as a table. But viewing it as a table is not the best way to explore the features and how they interact. To create an easy way to visualize the combinatorial nature of the features, I have realized Devanagiri as a volvelle — a special kind of diagram from Western and Arab culture, which was important in a previous era as part of the history of the book. By manipulating this digital volvelle you can explore how the distinctive features combine to create each deva of Devanagiri. But be careful! I have not given the English or Western names for these phonological features, and have instead listed them in Sanskrit. So, aspiring linguists are going to have to learn some Sanskrit words to be able to understand what these categories mean! Some quick Googling, or a scan of Wikipedia, should suffice. And keep in mind that not every combination will create a deva. There are 80 possible combinations, and only 33 letters. Here is how you generate the first row of the table:`33:Ta0b,MONAD = html` `; 34:T577,sliders2 = html` ${HorizontalStack({ modules: [ AngleSlider( { header: 'Wheel 1: Voicing', type: 'deg', // [deg, rad] diameter: 100, color: 'coral', fill: false, pointerSize: 9, angle: 0, offset: 0, }, d => mutable counter = d, ), AngleSlider( { header: 'Wheel 2: Aspiration', type: 'deg', // [deg, rad] diameter: 100, color: 'orange', fill: false, pointerSize: 9, angle: 0, offset: 0, }, d => mutable counter1 = d, ), AngleSlider( { header: 'Wheel 3: Phonetics', type: 'deg', // [deg, rad] diameter: 100, color: 'yellow', fill: false, pointerSize: 9, angle: 45, offset: 0, }, d => mutable counter2 = d, ), AngleSlider( { header: 'Wheel 4: Place', type: 'deg', // [deg, rad] diameter: 100, color: 'lightgreen', fill: false, pointerSize: 9, angle: 54, offset: 0, }, d => mutable counter3 = d, ), AngleSlider( { header: 'Wheel 5: Vowels', type: 'deg', // [deg, rad] diameter: 100, color: 'skyblue', fill: false, pointerSize: 9, angle: 81, offset: 0, }, d => mutable counter4 = d, ), ], padding: -1, border: true, })} `35:T483,chart4 = { const svg = d3.create("svg") .attr("viewBox", [0, 0, width, 200]) .attr("font-family", "sans-serif") .attr("font-size", 150) .style("display", "paragraph"); var borderPath = svg.append("rect") .attr("x", 0) .attr("y", 0) .attr("height", 200) .attr("width", 950) .style("stroke", "black") .style("fill", "none") .style("stroke-width", 1); let text = svg.selectAll("text"); return Object.assign(svg.node(), { update(letters) { const t = svg.transition().duration(400); text = text .data(letters, d => d) .join( enter => enter.append("text") .attr("y",30) .attr("dy", "0.35em") .attr("dx", "0.35em") .attr("x", (d, i) => i * i) .text(d => d), update => update, exit => exit .call(text => text.transition(t).remove() .attr("y", 41)) ) .call(text => text.transition(t) .attr("y", 100) .attr("x", (d, i) => i * 160)); } }); }36:Td63,Akshars = [{aksha: "क", Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "kaṇṭhya"}, {aksha: "च",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "ट",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "त",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "प",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "oṣṭhya"}, {aksha: "ख",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "kaṇṭhya"}, {aksha: "छ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "ठ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "थ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "फ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "oṣṭhya"}, {aksha: "ग",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "kaṇṭhya"}, {aksha: "ज",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "ड",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "द",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "ब",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "oṣṭhya"}, {aksha: "घ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "kaṇṭhya"}, {aksha: "झ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "ढ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "ध",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "भ",Phone: "sparśa", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "oṣṭhya"}, {aksha: "ङ", Phone: "anunāsika", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "kaṇṭhya"}, {aksha: "ञ", Phone: "anunāsika", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "ण", Phone: "anunāsika", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "न", Phone: "anunāsika", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "म", Phone: "anunāsika", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "oṣṭhya"}, {aksha: "य", Phone: "antastha", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "र", Phone: "antastha", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "ल", Phone: "antastha", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "व", Phone: "antastha", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "alpaprāṇa", Place: "oṣṭhya"}, {aksha: "श", Phone: "saṃgharṣī", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "tālavya"}, {aksha: "ष", Phone: "saṃgharṣī", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "mūrdhanya"}, {aksha: "स", Phone: "saṃgharṣī", Voice: "aghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place:"dantya"}, {aksha: "ह", Phone: "saṃgharṣī", Voice: "saghoṣa", Aspiration: "mahāprāṇa", Place: "kaṇṭhya"}]37:Tc67,Manifold = [JSON.stringify([Akshars[0].Voice,Akshars[0].Aspiration,Akshars[0].Phone,Akshars[0].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[1].Voice,Akshars[1].Aspiration,Akshars[1].Phone,Akshars[1].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[2].Voice,Akshars[2].Aspiration,Akshars[2].Phone,Akshars[2].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[3].Voice,Akshars[3].Aspiration,Akshars[3].Phone,Akshars[3].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[4].Voice,Akshars[4].Aspiration,Akshars[4].Phone,Akshars[4].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[5].Voice,Akshars[5].Aspiration,Akshars[5].Phone,Akshars[5].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[6].Voice,Akshars[6].Aspiration,Akshars[6].Phone,Akshars[6].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[7].Voice,Akshars[7].Aspiration,Akshars[7].Phone,Akshars[7].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[8].Voice,Akshars[8].Aspiration,Akshars[8].Phone,Akshars[8].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[9].Voice,Akshars[9].Aspiration,Akshars[9].Phone,Akshars[9].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[10].Voice,Akshars[10].Aspiration,Akshars[10].Phone,Akshars[10].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[11].Voice,Akshars[11].Aspiration,Akshars[11].Phone,Akshars[11].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[12].Voice,Akshars[12].Aspiration,Akshars[12].Phone,Akshars[12].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[13].Voice,Akshars[13].Aspiration,Akshars[13].Phone,Akshars[13].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[14].Voice,Akshars[14].Aspiration,Akshars[14].Phone,Akshars[14].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[15].Voice,Akshars[15].Aspiration,Akshars[15].Phone,Akshars[15].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[16].Voice,Akshars[16].Aspiration,Akshars[16].Phone,Akshars[16].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[17].Voice,Akshars[17].Aspiration,Akshars[17].Phone,Akshars[17].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[18].Voice,Akshars[18].Aspiration,Akshars[18].Phone,Akshars[18].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[19].Voice,Akshars[19].Aspiration,Akshars[19].Phone,Akshars[19].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[20].Voice,Akshars[20].Aspiration,Akshars[20].Phone,Akshars[20].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[21].Voice,Akshars[21].Aspiration,Akshars[21].Phone,Akshars[21].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[22].Voice,Akshars[22].Aspiration,Akshars[22].Phone,Akshars[22].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[23].Voice,Akshars[23].Aspiration,Akshars[23].Phone,Akshars[23].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[24].Voice,Akshars[24].Aspiration,Akshars[24].Phone,Akshars[24].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[25].Voice,Akshars[25].Aspiration,Akshars[25].Phone,Akshars[25].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[26].Voice,Akshars[26].Aspiration,Akshars[26].Phone,Akshars[26].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[27].Voice,Akshars[27].Aspiration,Akshars[27].Phone,Akshars[27].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[28].Voice,Akshars[28].Aspiration,Akshars[28].Phone,Akshars[28].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[29].Voice,Akshars[29].Aspiration,Akshars[29].Phone,Akshars[29].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[30].Voice,Akshars[30].Aspiration,Akshars[30].Phone,Akshars[30].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[31].Voice,Akshars[31].Aspiration,Akshars[31].Phone,Akshars[31].Place]), JSON.stringify([Akshars[32].Voice,Akshars[32].Aspiration,Akshars[32].Phone,Akshars[32].Place]), ] 38:T4e2,Manners= [ {Manner: "aghoṣa", English: "Unvoiced", Number: "1", Position: 90+counter}, {Manner: "saghoṣa", English: "Voiced", Number: "1", Position: 270+counter}, {Manner: "alpaprāṇa", English: "Unaspirated", Number: "1", Position: 90+counter1}, {Manner: "mahāprāṇa", English: "Aspirted", Number: "1", Position: 270+counter1}, {Manner: "sparśa", English: "Plosive", Number: "1", Position: 45+counter2}, {Manner: "anunāsika", English: "Nasal", Number: "1", Position: 135+counter2}, {Manner: "antastha", English: "Approximant", Number: "1", Position:225+counter2}, {Manner: "saṃgharṣī", English: "Fricative", Number: "1", Position: 315+counter2}, {Manner: "kaṇṭhya", English: "Guttural", Number: "1", Position: 36+counter3}, {Manner: "tālavya", English: "Palatal", Number: "1", Position: 108+counter3}, {Manner: "mūrdhanya", English: "Retroflex", Number: "1", Position: 180+counter3}, {Manner: "dantya", English: "Dental", Number: "1", Position: 252+counter3}, {Manner: "oṣṭhya", English: "Labial", Number: "1", Position: 324+counter3}, ] 39:T7f3,Vowel = [{Manner: "a", Number: "1", aksha: "अ", diacritic: " ा", Position: 9+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ā", Number: "1", aksha: "आ" ,diacritic: "ा", Position: 9*3+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"æ",Number: "1", aksha: "अँ", diacritic: "ँ", Position: 9*5+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ɒ" ,Number: "1", aksha: "औ", diacritic: "ौ", Position: 9*7+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"i",Number: "1", aksha: "इ", diacritic: "ि", Position: 9*9+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ī",Number: "1", aksha: "ई", diacritic: "ी", Position: 9*11+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"u",Number: "1", aksha: "उ", diacritic: "उूु", Position: 9*13+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ū",Number: "1", aksha: "ऊ", diacritic: "ू", Position: 9*15+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"e",Number: "1", aksha: "ऐ", diacritic: "े", Position: 9*17+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ē",Number: "1", aksha:"ए" , diacritic: "े", Position: 9*19+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ai",Number: "1", aksha: "ऐ", diacritic: "ै", Position: 9*21+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"o",Number: "1", aksha: "ओ", diacritic: "ो", Position: 9*23+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ō",Number: "1", aksha: "ओ", diacritic: "ो", Position: 9*25+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"au",Number: "1", aksha: "औ", diacritic: "ौ", Position: 9*27+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"r̥",Number: "1", aksha: "ऋ", diacritic: "ृ" , Position: 9*29+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"r̥̄",Number: "1", aksha: "ॠ", diacritic: "ॄ" , Position: 9*31+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"l̥",Number: "1", aksha: "ऌ", diacritic: "ॢ", Position: 9*33+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"l̥̄",Number: "1", aksha: "ॡ", diacritic:"ॣ", Position: 9*35+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ṁ",Number: "1", aksha: "अं", diacritic: "ं", Position: 9*37+counter4+Vowels}, {Manner:"ḥ",Number: "1", aksha: "अः", diacritic: "ः", Position: 9*39+counter4+Vowels}]3a:[{"id":"2925908aa3ffda0fbb65cd38cec06209e1cc99dab2d8c280ceb9c810287a1ff37fc846eb758d01bbf6fea87acfffa308b1427adc64c28dfee3a2262146e29083","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/2925908aa3ffda0fbb65cd38cec06209e1cc99dab2d8c280ceb9c810287a1ff37fc846eb758d01bbf6fea87acfffa308b1427adc64c28dfee3a2262146e29083","name":"E-H_VVCXEAIpeqo.jpeg","type":"image/jpeg","lastModified":1630430857357.195,"size":158195},{"id":"63dd46fd5e5c1abd119aebecb37aba8d67c25b81aff07179603adc4e44d6296b649c77d3c67d6d33ba6e65cf31cd04fa711f11b6e69a85b0d06c356a6cefabb3","href":"https://static.observableusercontent.com/files/63dd46fd5e5c1abd119aebecb37aba8d67c25b81aff07179603adc4e44d6296b649c77d3c67d6d33ba6e65cf31cd04fa711f11b6e69a85b0d06c356a6cefabb3","name":"Screen Shot 2021-08-31 at 1.42.57 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Devanagiri","cells":[{"id":4822,"value":"dev = md `# Combinatorial Devanagiri\nSpin the wheels and generate letters of the Sanskrit alphabet!`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5635,"value":"$31","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5650,"value":"gall = html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5654,"value":"$32","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5702,"value":"nug = html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5704,"value":"pgi = html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5706,"value":"da = html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5708,"value":"f= html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5710,"value":"sd= html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5712,"value":"sf= html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5730,"value":"dfd= md` Now try it for yourself below! Spin the wheels by turning the dials under the circles`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":1697,"value":"$33","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5000,"value":"$34","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2848,"value":"$35","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5739,"value":"viewof Vowels = checkbox({\n title: \"Add Vowels\",\n description: \"Check this box to add the vowel wheel\",\n options: [\n {value: 0, label: \"\" },\n ],\n value: [],\n})","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5734,"value":"ghd = html`\n\n

`","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5691,"value":"hd= md `# Some Hints/Help\n\nVowel diacritics have not been added yet, so wheel 5 does not do anything\n\nIf you look at the table [or check the wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari) you can see that there are not as many anthasta or samgharsi devas. This means that spinning wheel 3 may not always generate new letters. `","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5368,"value":"$36","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5484,"value":"Aksharas = [ Akshars[0].aksha, Akshars[1].aksha, Akshars[2].aksha, Akshars[3].aksha, Akshars[4].aksha, Akshars[5].aksha, Akshars[6].aksha, Akshars[7].aksha, Akshars[8].aksha, Akshars[9].aksha, Akshars[10].aksha, Akshars[11].aksha, Akshars[12].aksha, Akshars[13].aksha, Akshars[14].aksha, Akshars[15].aksha, Akshars[16].aksha, Akshars[17].aksha, Akshars[18].aksha, Akshars[19].aksha, Akshars[20].aksha, Akshars[21].aksha, Akshars[22].aksha, Akshars[23].aksha, Akshars[24].aksha, Akshars[25].aksha, Akshars[26].aksha, Akshars[27].aksha, Akshars[28].aksha, Akshars[29].aksha, Akshars[30].aksha, Akshars[31].aksha, Akshars[32].aksha]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5577,"value":"map = [JSON.stringify(place)]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5609,"value":"place\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5583,"value":"Call2 = Aksharas[Manifold.indexOf(map[0])]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5471,"value":"$37","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5386,"value":"$38","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5407,"value":"mannerein = Manners.map (d => d.Manner)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5397,"value":"positeins = Manners.map (d => (360+(d.Position))%360) //creates an array of the position of each glyph mod 360 ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2769,"value":"place = take(mannerein, filter(positeins, d => d > 54 && d < 126))","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5218,"value":"PlaceofArticulation =[ Manners[8],Manners[9],Manners[10],Manners[11],Manners[12]]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5222,"value":"MannerofArticulationPhonetics = [Manners[4],Manners[5],Manners[6],Manners[7]]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5224,"value":"MannerofArticulationVoicing = [Manners[0],Manners[1]]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5226,"value":"MannerofArticulationAspiration = [Manners[2],Manners[3]]","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5231,"value":"$39","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":201,"value":"Wheel1 = d3.arc()\n .innerRadius(30)\n .outerRadius(70)\n .padRadius(30)\n .padAngle(2 / 30)\n .cornerRadius(6)\n \n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":327,"value":"Divisio1 = d3.pie()\n .value(d => d.umber)\n (MannerofArticulationVoicing)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":197,"value":"Wheel2 = d3.arc()\n .innerRadius(103)\n .outerRadius(160)\n .padRadius(30)\n .padAngle(2 / 30)\n .cornerRadius(6)\n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":433,"value":"Divisio2 = d3.pie()\n .value(d => d.Number)\n(MannerofArticulationVoicing)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":194,"value":"Wheel3 = d3.arc()\n .innerRadius(43)\n .outerRadius(100)\n .padRadius(30)\n .padAngle(2 / 30)\n .cornerRadius(6)\n\n \n","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":435,"value":"Divisio3 = d3.pie()\n .value(d => d.Number)\n (MannerofArticulationAspiration)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":186,"value":"Wheel4 = d3.arc()\n .innerRadius(163)\n .outerRadius(210)\n .padRadius(30)\n .padAngle(2 / 30)\n .cornerRadius(6)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":437,"value":"Divisio4 = d3.pie()\n .value(d => d.Number)\n (MannerofArticulationPhonetics) ","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":183,"value":"Wheel5 = d3.arc()\n .innerRadius(213)\n .outerRadius(260)\n .padRadius(30)\n .padAngle(2 / 30)\n .cornerRadius(6)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":439,"value":"Divisio5 = d3.pie()\n .value(d => d.Number)\n (PlaceofArticulation)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":180,"value":"Wheel6 = d3.arc()\n .innerRadius(Vowels[0]+263)\n .outerRadius(Vowels[0]+300)\n .padRadius(30)\n .padAngle(2 / 30)\n .cornerRadius(6)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":494,"value":"Divisio6 = d3.pie()\n .value(d => d.Number)\n (Vowel)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4987,"value":"mutable counter1 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4988,"value":"mutable counter2 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4990,"value":"mutable counter3 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4992,"value":"mutable counter4 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5134,"value":"chart4.update(Call2)","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4994,"value":"mutable counter5 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4996,"value":"mutable counter6 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4915,"value":"mutable counter7 = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4229,"value":"sheet = { // this is a JS Array of Objects; the key-value pairs consist of the column headers and the cell data\n let sheet =[];\n const url = \"https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/e/2PACX-1vSuH6U3a_e5HJxxguAJjVuNgxyI5wCRd-24f_RyaFE1FeC8HUBFmZVmhcqG74OdO_vPJxGeuwC_s0nh/pub?gid=1094830764&single=true&output=csv\";\n const spreadsheet = await d3.csv(url).then(data => data.forEach(d => sheet.push(d))); // d3.csv returns a Promise\n return sheet;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4232,"value":"sheetHeadings = Object.keys(sheet[0])","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4012,"value":"import { AngleSlider } from '@tomktjemsland/inputs'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4102,"value":"HorizontalStack = (settings = {}) => {\n if (settings.modules === undefined) return;\n const modules = settings.modules;\n \n const padding = settings.padding === undefined ? 0 : settings.padding;\n const border = settings.border === undefined ? false : settings.border;\n \n const root = d3.create('div')\n .style('display', 'flex')\n .style('flex-direction', 'row')\n .style('margin-right', '200px');\n \n for (let i = 0; i < modules.length; i++) {\n const m = modules[i];\n if (i != 0) m.style.marginLeft = `${padding / 2}px`;\n m.style.marginRight = `${padding / 2}px`;\n root.node().appendChild(m);\n \n if (border && i < modules.length - 1) {\n root.append('div')\n .style('padding-right', '35px')\n .style('margin-left', '35px')\n .style('border-left', '1px solid Grey')\n .style('margin-bottom', '5px') \n }\n }\n \n return root.node();\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2767,"value":"function filter(values, test) {\n const I = [], n = values.length;\n for (let i = 0; i < n; ++i) {\n if (test(values[i], i, values)) {\n I.push(i);\n }\n }\n return I;\n}","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2716,"value":"function take(values, index) {\n return values.constructor.from(index, i => values[i]);\n} //Returns the index of each glyph value","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":2580,"value":"Call = positeins[mannerein] //Gives the position of each glyph","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":3922,"value":"mutable counter = 0;","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":4109,"value":"import { analytics } from '@chrispahm/simple-privacy-friendly-web-analytics'","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":5740,"value":"import {checkbox} from \"@jashkenas/inputs\"","pinned":true,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"},{"id":23,"value":"d3 = require(\"d3@6\")","pinned":false,"hidden":false,"mode":"ojs"}],"files":"$W3a","stdlib":"1","titling":"auto"}